Symbols & References

A complete reference for Greek letters and mathematical & engineering symbols. Click any symbol, LaTeX command or code to copy it instantly — with Unicode code points and HTML entities for every character.

Greek alphabet — all 24 letters

Click a lowercase, uppercase or LaTeX cell to copy it.

#	Name	Lower	Upper	LaTeX	Unicode	Common uses in engineering
1	Alpha	α	Α	\alpha	U+03B1	Thermal expansion, angular acceleration, fine-structure constant
2	Beta	β	Β	\beta	U+03B2	Beta radiation, compressibility, volatility
3	Gamma	γ	Γ	\gamma	U+03B3	Gamma radiation, Lorentz factor, shear strain, surface tension
4	Delta	δ	Δ	\delta	U+03B4	Change/difference (Δ), partial derivative, beam deflection
5	Epsilon	ε	Ε	\epsilon	U+03B5	Strain, permittivity, emissivity, eccentricity
6	Zeta	ζ	Ζ	\zeta	U+03B6	Damping ratio, Riemann zeta function, zeta potential
7	Eta	η	Η	\eta	U+03B7	Efficiency, dynamic viscosity, Carnot efficiency
8	Theta	θ	Θ	\theta	U+03B8	Plane angle, phase angle, polar coordinate, beam slope
9	Iota	ι	Ι	\iota	U+03B9	Inclusion map, index variable
10	Kappa	κ	Κ	\kappa	U+03BA	Thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, curvature
11	Lambda	λ	Λ	\lambda	U+03BB	Wavelength, eigenvalue, decay constant, thermal conductivity
12	Mu	μ	Μ	\mu	U+03BC	Micro- prefix (10⁻⁶), friction coefficient, viscosity, mean
13	Nu	ν	Ν	\nu	U+03BD	Frequency, kinematic viscosity, Poisson’s ratio
14	Xi	ξ	Ξ	\xi	U+03BE	Damping ratio, random variable, generalised coordinate
15	Omicron	ο	Ο	o	U+03BF	Big-O notation
16	Pi	π	Π	\pi	U+03C0	Circle constant (≈3.14159), product notation (Π)
17	Rho	ρ	Ρ	\rho	U+03C1	Density, electrical resistivity, correlation coefficient
18	Sigma	σ	Σ	\sigma	U+03C3	Summation (Σ), standard deviation, normal stress, conductivity
19	Tau	τ	Τ	\tau	U+03C4	Shear stress, torque, time constant, proper time
20	Upsilon	υ	Υ	\upsilon	U+03C5	Alternative frequency symbol, upsilon meson
21	Phi	φ	Φ	\phi	U+03C6	Golden ratio, electric potential, angle of friction, magnetic flux (Φ)
22	Chi	χ	Χ	\chi	U+03C7	Chi-squared test (χ²), electric & magnetic susceptibility
23	Psi	ψ	Ψ	\psi	U+03C8	Wave function (quantum), stream function, torsion angle
24	Omega	ω	Ω	\omega	U+03C9	Angular velocity, angular frequency, Ohm (Ω), natural frequency

Mathematical & engineering symbols

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Comparison — greater/less than, approximately equal, proportional

Arithmetic — plus-minus, multiplication, roots, infinity

Arrows — direction, implication, mapping

Geometry & angles — degree, angle, perpendicular, parallel

Set & logic — element of, union, intersection, quantifiers

Integral & calculus — integrals, derivatives, summation, vector operators

Units & special — degree, percent, ohm, micro, section